For long duration missions GCR will be the primary origin of stochastic radiation effects resulting in additional risk of exposure-induced cancer.
INTERNATIONAL SPACE STATION INSIDE FREE
The radiation environment in space is composed mostly of galactic cosmic radiation (GCR), which-modulated by the solar activity-provides the overall “background” radiation environment in free space. This is of particular importance for the currently planned exploration missions to the Moon, near Earth asteroids and in the long term future to Mars (Durante & Cucinotta, 2011). The space radiation environment and its impact on humans have been seen as one of the main problems for long duration human space missions. In comparison, the dose measured on the surface of Mars with the Mars Science Laboratory-RAD instrument accounted to 418 μGy in Si. The additional dose received during the SPE was 146.2 μGy in Si as measured by ISS-RAD and 67.8 μGy in Si as measured by the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL instruments. This paper gives an overview of the 10 September 2017 SPE measured with the DOSIS 3D-DOSTEL and the ISS-RAD (Radiation Assessment Detector) instruments, both located at this time in close proximity to each other in the Columbus Laboratory of the ISS. Even though we are currently approaching the next solar minimum, an SPE was observed in September 2017, which was (a) a ground-level enhancement, (b) measured with various radiation detector systems onboard the ISS, and (c) observed on the surface of Mars. Before 2017, the last SPE observed inside the ISS with relevant radiation detectors occurred in May 2012. In addition to these sources sporadic solar particle events (SPEs) can produce high doses inside and outside the ISS, depending on the intensity and energy spectrum of the event. The trapped radiation inside the ISS is mostly due to protons of the inner radiation belt. The first is galactic cosmic radiation, which is modulated by the interplanetary and the Earth's magnetic fields, and the second is trapped radiation in the form of the Van Allen belts. The nominal radiation environment in low Earth orbit, especially for the International Space Station (ISS), is dominated by two sources.
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